CJ Hadley/Associated Press An undated picture of Wayne Hage riding his horse on Table mountain in Nevada, taken by CJ Hadley. Hage was the leader of the "Sagebrush Rebellion" and author of the 1989 book "Storm Over Rangelands: Private Rights in Federal Lands." He initiated a lawsuit in 1991 over water rights against the federal government which was ruled in his estate's favor in June.
RENO - It took 17 years for the late rancher Wayne Hage to win a groundbreaking lawsuit against the U.S. Forest Service in a long-running dispute over property rights, water rights and grazing on federal land.
A federal judge finally ruled last month that the government had engaged in an unconstitutional "taking" of Hage's water rights and awarded more than $4 million to Hage's estate. But his family and supporters - while relishing the victory - fear the fight is far from won.
"What happened to us in the 1980s and 1990s is now happening across the West, so it is going to be vitally important for Western ranchers to understand what they own and how to defend it," said Ramona Morrison, one of Hage's daughters and a member of the Nevada State Agriculture Board who was a freshman in high school when the dispute began.
"We could have a classic case here in some sense of laws working at cross purposes," said Ed Monnig, U.S. Forest Service supervisor of the Humboldt-Toiyable National Forest where Hage once grazed his cattle in central Nevada.
Federal Claims Court Judge Loren A. Smith, based in Washington D.C., ruled that government restrictions severely reducing water flows to the Hage family's land "deprived them of the water they needed for irrigation, making the ranch unviable."
Like judges before him, Smith said the cancellation of Hage's grazing permit as a result of overgrazing and trespassing did not constitute a "taking" prohibited under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution because a grazing permit is "a license, not a contract or property interest," he said.
But he concluded the government committed a taking when the Forest Service - apparently motivated by "hostility" toward Hage - made it impossible for him to maintain irrigation ditches.
"It doesn't do you a lot of good to own that water if you really, effectively can't use it," said Lyman "Ladd" Bedford, a San Francisco-based lawyer who has argued the case since Hage first filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Forest Service in 1991.
Morrison said the federal agency continually harassed her father, who once was a leader of the Western movement for more local control of public land called the "Sagebrush Rebellion" and who wrote the 1989 book "Storm Over Rangelands: Private Rights in Federal Lands."
"They had put my family through shear hell with various trespass notices, visits, demands and so forth culminating when they confiscated 100 head of our cattle," Morrison said. She recalls the day federal agents rounded up the animals.
"They were fully armed. They pointed a gun at my brother when he threw a rock at a dog that belonged to the government. We were darn lucky we didn't have a Ruby Ridge situation," she said about a 1992 standoff with U.S. marshals that resulted in three deaths in a shootout at the Idaho home of Randy Weaver.
"This is really a vindication for what were considered radical ideas in 1989 when dad wrote his book," she said, adding she wished her parents had lived to enjoy the victory.
Her mother, Jean Hage, died in 1996. Wayne Hage remarried ex-U.S. Rep. Helen Chenoweth, R-Idaho, before he died in June 2006 and she died four months later in a car accident.
Hage purchased the ranch north of Tonopah in 1978 and began feuding with the Forest Service almost immediately.
At issue, according to Smith's ruling, is that the Forest Service prohibited the Hages from using motorized equipment to clear irrigation ditches on national forest land that brought water to the ranch.
"It cannot be seriously argued that the work normally done by caterpillars and back hoes could be accomplished with hand tools over thousands of acres. With hand tools the task would have taken years or decades and required hundreds of workers," the judge wrote.
The ditches were regulated under the 1866 Ditch Act, which was enacted one year after the Pine Creek Ranch was established - two years after President Lincoln admitted Nevada as a state in 1864.
"The 1866 ditch laws and other laws were really part of that free enterprise period in American history where Congress was trying to encourage Western settlement and protect private property rights of Western settlers," said Chuck Cushman, executive director of the American Land Rights Association based in Battle Ground, Wash.
"Nobody would go back to somebody who homesteaded a parcel of land in the 1870s and try to take that land away from them today. And as a result of this case I think all ranchers with grazing permits have solidified their private property rights on federal lands," he said.
"He is a Western hero in my mind," Cushman said of Hage.
Monnig said it's more complicated than simply upholding a 142-year-old law because the Ditch Act must be balanced against other laws that have since been passed.
For example, he said, Congress enacted the 1964 Wilderness Act "recognizing we have this potential to basically modify and adapt every square inch on the face of the earth."
"They said we want to set some land aside untrammeled by man as wilderness areas - some areas where earth will be untrammeled by man, where man is a visitor and does not remain," Monnig said.
Justice Department lawyers say they haven't decided whether to appeal, but Bedford expects they will.
John Echeverria, a lawyer at the Georgetown University Law Center's Environmental Law and Policy Institute who had filed friend-of-the-court briefs backing the government's position, expects the ruling will be overturned.
"Over the last decade there has been a spate of litigation over this basic issue and the litigation has pretty generally gone against the ranchers, in favor of the public," Echeverria said.
"The plaintiffs and their allies have put out lot of materials saying it is a great victory for public land grazers," he said. "But while this decision is troubling and wrong and will almost certainly be reversed on appeal, it is a relatively narrow decision."
Though the judge said Hage "offered ample evidence that the Forest Service had engaged in harassment ... enough to suggest that the implementation of the hand tools requirement was based solely on hostility to plaintiffs," Echeverria said Hage himself is to blame.
The Forest Service routinely requires ranchers to apply for a special use permit to use machinery on national forest land, he said.
"After Hage wrote his book, he wrote a letter to the Forest Service that said 'I own this land. You can't tell me what to do,"' he said.
Echeverria said the charge that Hage was limited to using hand tools is incorrect.
"It was a self-imposed restriction because Wayne Hage refused to seek a permit based on the theory that the Forest Service had no business managing his land. It was a self-inflicted wound."
Morrison said she's proud that her father has been vindicated, but she doesn't expect to receive payment for damages anytime soon because of the possibility of appeals. Regardless, the judgment can never make up for the hardship her family endured for years, she said.
"No amount of money could ever pay for what we went through," she said.