RICHMOND, Va. - Only Virginia and the District of Columbia have moved toward requiring sixth-grade girls to get vaccinated for a potentially cancerous sexually transmitted disease, three years after federal health officials recommended the shots.
About two dozen states considered requiring the vaccine, but balked amid funding woes, and parents' concerns it wasn't safe and would promote promiscuity. Publicity that a massive pharmaceutical company bankrolled the lobbying effort didn't help.
Virginia and the District of Columbia allow parents to opt out of the "requirement" for any reason, making the vaccine for human papillomavirus, or HPV, more of a suggestion than a mandate.
Health officials said they expect as many as half of parents to opt out.
Heather Renehan of Henrico County near Richmond is a former pharmaceutical sales representative for Merck & Co., maker of the only federally approved HPV vaccine, Gardasil. Renehan got the three-shot series for her 14-year-old daughter Jessi, who is entering high school. But she said she will not get the vaccine for Ally, who is entering the sixth grade, or her younger sister until they get older.
"I think parents can judge their children and judge when they need it," she said. "... I will definitely vaccinate them, though. I think it's critically important."
A U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advisory committee recommended in 2006 that the vaccine be given to all 11- and 12-year-old girls, and it is approved for girls as young as 9.
"I know that's not what parents really want to think about, but in the United States 70 percent of females have had sexual intercourse by the age of 18," said Virginia Department of Health epidemiologist Laura Ann Nicolai.
HPV, the most common sexually transmitted virus, often is harmless but it can cause cervical cancer, which kills about 3,700 of the 10,000 women who get it each year.
Since Gardasil's approval, more than 40 states have proposed legislation requiring education or insurance coverage of the vaccine or mandating it for girls. About half have approved some sort of legislation.
Several states set aside money to provide the costly vaccine - the series runs about $360 - but scaled back as the bad economy ate away at budgets.
Proposals also lost steam because Merck paid for the lobbying efforts nationwide. The company suspended its efforts in February 2007 "so that there would be no misperception" about its intentions, said Pam Eisele, a spokeswoman for the New Jersey-based company.
Merck stood to make billions because its rival, London-based GlaxoSmithKline PLC, has yet to get U.S. approval for its HPV vaccine, Cervarix. So far, Merck has sold about 26 million doses of Gardasil in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide, with more than $1.4 billion in sales last year.
As far as the vaccine's safety is concerned, two recent studies by federal and academic researchers have found low rates of side effects.
From June 2006 through December 2008, the federal government's voluntary reporting system had received more than 12,000 reports of side effects, or 54 reports per 100,000 doses given. Most were for things such as fainting, dizziness, headaches and nausea.
There were also 32 reported deaths - or one per 1 million girls vaccinated - but it is unclear whether the vaccine was to blame.
Health officials said the benefits outweigh the risks.
"Not all parents may choose to have their children vaccinated, but we certainly hope that all parents will review the educational materials and make an educated and informed decision," said Nicolai, of the Virginia health department.
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On the Net:
Virginia Dept. of Education: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/
DC Public Schools: http://dcps.dc.gov/portal/site/DCPS/