CHICAGO (AP) - With all the screening technology at U.S. airports, the last line of defense is still the human hand: the pat-down search.
But aviation experts say the pat-down is often ineffective, in part because of government rules covering where screeners can put their hands and how frequently they can frisk passengers. As a result, even if the man accused of trying to blow up a Detroit-bound U.S. jetliner on Christmas Day got an airport pat-down, it probably wouldn't have found the explosives authorities say were hidden in his crotch.
"To have people hold up their arms and just pat them - like I'm really going to carry a bomb there," said industry analyst Michael Boyd, arguing that pat-downs are often of little value. "You know where you're going to put it, and no one's going to go there."
One woman who filed a formal complaint after she was patted down before a flight in 2004 said such searches don't make anyone safer.
"The pat-down searches represent a needle-in-a-haystack approach and I still believe they wouldn't stop anything from happening," said Lisa Lynch, 49, of Edmonds, Wash.
And, she said, "to see elderly women in wheelchairs patted down ... it is heartbreaking. It is just so invasive."
Lynch, who flies regularly and just returned home from a trip on Friday, said she has not been patted down since the day it happened as she was rushing to catch a flight.
In fact, most travelers at U.S. airports never get a pat-down when they pass through security. A metal detector must be set off first and then screeners would need to find out what triggered the alarm. That often amounts to screeners just lightly tapping on a passenger's arms, legs and clothes.
But even if they go ahead with a pat-down, it likely would not turn up something nonmetallic, small and well-hidden.
Unlike the frisking of suspects conducted by police - which involves officers running their hands firmly up and down the body, including sensitive areas like the groin, buttocks and breasts - the pat-downs at airports usually involve, well, patting down.
A flood of complaints by women, including one by Lynch, led the Transportation Security Administration in 2004 to list 'dos' and 'don'ts' on pat-downs, including barring screeners from touching female passengers between their breasts. The TSA hasn't publicly released that list.
But a report by the Government Accountability Office, which said federal investigators were able to smuggle liquid explosives and detonators past security at U.S. airports, appeared to cause some changes last year in pat-down policies.
In one instance cited in the report, an investigator placed coins in his pockets to ensure he'd receive a secondary screening. But after a pat-down and use of a hand-held metal detector, the screener didn't catch the prohibited items the investigator brought through a checkpoint.
The TSA last year decided to permit what it describes as "enhanced pat-downs" that include breast and groin searches. But these could be done only under limited circumstances and only after the use of metal detectors, less invasive pat-downs and all other tools had been exhausted.
Still, even in those cases, screeners must use the back of their hands when touching the groin area and breasts, according to the TSA.
"This new procedure will affect a very small percentage of travelers, but it is a critical element in ensuring the safety of the flying public," the agency said in a statement on its Web site.
Since the Dec. 25 incident, some have been calling for more pat-downs at airports. But sensitivities on all sides mean any push for more frequent, thorough pat-downs would likely meet fierce resistance.
"People just wouldn't stand for it. You wouldn't. I wouldn't," said Gerry Berry, a Florida-based airport security expert.
Fearful of lawsuits or allegations of molestation, many screeners at airports would be the most resistant of all, Boyd said.
"You'll have people yelling, 'He grabbed me! He groped me!"' he said. "You don't want that job."
Lynch said scanning machines would render such searches unnecessary.
"That is way less invasive than somebody putting their hands on you," said Lynch, who was so bothered by what happened that she lay in bed that night sweating and unable to sleep.
TSA spokesman Greg Soule declined to discuss the agency's pat-down rules or any directives to airports, including whether the agency has ordered stepped-up pat-downs at U.S. airports since last week.
"Pat-downs are one layer of security in a multifaceted security system," he said.
The TSA, he added, was aware of concerns surrounding pat-downs.
"I would say that security is TSA's No. 1 priority while balancing the privacy of all passengers," he said.
It's possible that pat-downs may become more frequent in airports as the use of full-body scanning machines expands. The high-tech machines are in use at a handful of airports; the TSA just bought 150 and plans to buy 300 more. But passengers can opt for a physical pat-down instead of being scanned.
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Associated Press Writer Don Babwin contributed to this report.