Effective Jan. 1, Nevada made commercial cultivation, sale and possession of recreational marijuana legal. The state had previously decriminalized the drug for small quantity possession, and marijuana was already legally available for medical use.
Prior to last November, commercial recreational marijuana was legal only in four states — Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, Washington and the District of Columbia. In the November election, recreational marijuana initiatives were on state ballots in five additional states. Arizona voters defeated legalization (by a 4 percent margin). However, four states voted to fully legalize the drug. In Maine, legalization passed by a razor-thin margin (0.4 percent) and marijuana initiatives carried as well in Massachusetts (by 7 percent), in Nevada (by 9 percent) and in California (by 14 percent).
The passage of the Nevada Marijuana Legalization Initiative, Question 2, was a solid statewide win by 100,000 votes, the entire margin of victory coming from Clark County. The initiative ran even in Nevada’s other 16 counties, with Question 2 actually losing in 13 of Nevada’s 17 counties.
Question 2 passed in spite of opposition from “big name” political leaders and organizations. Republican Governor Brian Sandoval (“categorically opposed”) and Democratic Senator Harry Reid (“very, very dubious”) were noteworthy opponents. Both Senate candidates, Democrat Catherine Cortez Masto and Republican Dr. Joe Heck, opposed Question 2. Likewise, two former Nevada Governors, Republican Robert List and Democrat Richard Bryan, were against it. GOP opponents also included Attorney General Adam Laxalt, Lt. Gov. Mark Hutchison, Reps. Mark Amodei and Crescent Hardy, and Sen. Dean Heller.
Legalization proponents also overcame opposition from important Nevada state associations, representing law enforcement( sheriffs and chiefs and district attorneys); health professionals (doctors and nurses); the casino industry; and organized taxpayers. Six Nevada newspapers, including the two largest — the Las Vegas Review-Journal and Reno Gazette-Journal — editorialized against Question 2, joining newspapers in Elko, Carson, Lahontan Valley and Pahrump.
Opposition to Question 2 was formidable, but proponents had major advantages. Public opinion on legalizing marijuana had shifted dramatically over the past 20 years. Proponents contended a majority of Nevadans no longer believed marijuana needed to be illegal. The “Yes on 2” narrative argued passage would result in “criminal justice reform,” an end of marijuana “black markets” through regulation, and marijuana tax money directed to schools. Each claim was refuted by opponents.
Commercial recreational marijuana legalization’s greatest advantage is money. In Colorado in 2012, the industry outspent legalization opponents by $5 to $1. In November 2016, California legalization proponents overwhelmingly outspent opponents by $11 to $1. In Nevada, the legalization spending advantage was narrower — $4.3 million for “Yes on 2” vs. $3.5 million for opponents. However, the “Yes on 2” campaign had major financial resources available to start their campaign more than two years before election day. In contrast, the “No on 2” campaign received major funding extremely late in the process, only launching “Protecting Nevada’s Children” campaign 36 days before early voting began in 2016.
Republican Governors Doug Ducey of Arizona and Charlie Baker of Massachusetts aggressively led bipartisan efforts to defeat marijuana legalization initiatives in their respective states in 2016. They raised money and helped organize opposition groups, beginning eight months before election day. Their efforts are credited for the defeat of legalization in Arizona and a close outcome in liberal Massachusetts. Nevada had no similar statewide “political champion” to rally and organize bipartisan opposition to Question 2.
Opponents’ “late start” in Nevada allowed for a limited campaign against the initiative, focused on marijuana edibles and small children. Few Nevada voters knew they were voting to enact a self-serving 13-page initiative written by the commercial marijuana industry for the promoters’ benefit.
Support for marijuana legalization tends to follow party lines. Of the eight states where voters have legalized adult-use marijuana, only one — Alaska — was a “red state” (i.e. Republican) last November. Nevada Democrats’ “blue wave” sweep might also have contributed to the margin of victory for Question 2 in 2016.
Jim Hartman is an attorney residing in Genoa, NV and is president of Nevadans for Responsible Drug Policy.