A buoy rests on the ground at a closed boat ramp at the Lake Mead National Recreation Area near Boulder City on Aug. 13, 2021. (AP Photo/John Locher, File)
By Brittany Peterson and Felicia Fonseca Associated Press
Thursday, December 16, 2021
LAS VEGAS — Water leaders for Arizona, Nevada and California signed an agreement Wednesday to voluntarily reduce their take from the Colorado River to help stave off mandatory cuts in the upcoming years.
The signing took place at the Colorado River Water Users Association annual meeting in Las Vegas, amid urgency to negotiate new rules for managing the dwindling river — which serves 40 million people — beyond 2026, when current guidelines and an overlapping drought plan expire.
The newest agreement, known as the "500+ Plan," requires the states to cut 500,000 acre-feet in 2022 and 2023, or enough to serve 1 million to 1.5 million households annually, depending on water usage and conservation in the area.
It also requires the states put up millions of dollars — $60 million from Arizona and $20 million each from Nevada and California. The federal government would match the funding, for a total of $200 million.
The money would fund water efficiency projects and programs to reduce usage throughout Arizona, Nevada and California, which are in the river's lower basin.
The stop-gap measure upstaged what water managers had hoped to be the focus of the Las Vegas gathering — the start of negotiations for the next plan. That will have to wait, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Camille Touton told attendees over video conference.
"We need to focus on near-term operational challenges," she said.
Exactly how much water each state will contribute under the 500+ Plan is still being negotiated. The three states' share of Colorado River water is delivered through the country's largest reservoir, Lake Mead. The lake fell below 1,075 feet above sea level this year, triggering mandatory cuts for Arizona, Nevada and Mexico in 2022.
The states had volunteered to cut back on water before that threshold hit under a 2019 drought contingency plan.
Arizona relied heavily on compensated water contributions from the Colorado River Indian Tribes and the Gila River Indian Community to fulfill its obligations under the drought plan. It's expected to do the same for the 500+ Plan.
"The reservoir is so low now that everyone realizes that they are vulnerable," said Ted Cooke, general manager of the Central Arizona Project, which operates the canal system that delivers Colorado River water throughout the states.
As a junior water rights holder, Arizona takes the biggest hit during any federal shortage declarations for the lower basin. Cooke said there won't be time for a do-over if Arizona takes all the reductions.
"It'll be too late," he said.
Less water flowing through Hoover Dam, which holds back Lake Mead, also reduces power generation that serves 1.3 million people in three states. The dam now is running at 75% capacity. If Lake Mead falls below 950 feet, the dam's turbines would stop running altogether.
Lake Mead, which straddles the Nevada-Arizona line, was at 1,065 feet on Wednesday.
For California, which receives more than half the hydropower, the new deal is particularly urgent, said Adel Hagekhalil, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.
"As levels drop at Lake Mead, it's basically strangling everything," Hagekhalil said.
Ultimately, Mother Nature is in charge, said Kathryn Sorensen, research director at the Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University.
"It's all based on modeling that may or may not be correct," Sorensen said. "Whether even the 500+ Plan is enough, I just don't think people know."
Next year marks 100 years since the creation of the compact that apportioned the river's water among seven western states during an unseasonably wet era. Mexico was included later. Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah are in the upper basin.
In the years since, federally subsidized water projects allowed cities and farms to balloon. As scientists say climate change is making the West warmer and more arid, far less water is available in the system to meet demands of all users.
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